Package 'pipenostics'

Description

Functions that represent some useful empirical and data-driven models for heat loss, corrosion diagnostics, and predictive maintenance of pipeline systems. The package is designed for data analysts and engineers who are involved in exploratory or routine calculations. Methods are described in Timashev et al. (2016) doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25307-7, A.C.Reddy (2017) doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2017.07.081, Minenergo (2008) https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902148459, Minenergo (2005) https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200035568, Xing LU. (2014) doi:10.1080/23744731.2016.1258371.

Author(s)

Maintainer: Yuri Possokhov [email protected] (ORCID)

See Also

Useful links:

• https://omega1x.github.io/pipenostics/

• Report bugs at https://github.com/omega1x/pipenostics/issues

Description

Data represents specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) both achieved when producing line pipes according to regulatory specifications.

Usage

api5l3tdata

Format

A data frame with 57 rows and 4 variables:

grade

designation of standard grade of manufactured pipe. Type: assert_character.

smys

SMYS - specified minimum yield strength, [psi]. Type: assert_double.

uts

UTS - ultimate tensile strength, [psi]. Type: assert_double.

origin

Identifier for the information origin regarding the specifications of pipe, []:

10

API SPECIFICATION 5L .Table 3A

3

GOST 20295-85. Table 7

11

GOST 31443-2012 . Tables 6, 7

Type: assert_integer.

References

1. API SPECIFICATION 5L. Specification for Line Pipe

2. GOST 20295-85. Steel welded pipes for main gas-and-oil pipelines. Specifications

3. GOST 31443-2012. Steel pipes for crafts pipelines. Specifications.

Examples

library(pipenostics)

head(api5l3tdata)

Description

Imitation of CVRL.BAS computer program presented in ASME B31G-1991 Appendix A for determining allowable length and allowable operating pressure

Usage

b31crvl(maop, d, wth, smys, def = 0.72, depth, l)

Arguments

Details

Columns maop, d, wth, smys, def, depth, l in the output data.frame come from function's input, other columns are calculated.

For univariate case (when lengths of all input vectors are one) messages that imitate CRVL.BAS console output are printed.

Value

Object of S3-class crvl which is a data.frame with the next numeric columns:

maop

maximum allowable operating pressure - MAOP, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

d

nominal outside diameter of pipe, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

wth

nominal wall thickness of pipe, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

smys

specified minimum yield of stress (SMYS) as a characteristics of steel strength, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

def

appropriate (combined) design factor from ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8, or ASME B31.11, []. Type: assert_double.

depth

measured maximum depth of the corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

l

measured maximum longitudial length of corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

status

operational status of pipe: 1 - excellent, 2 - monitoring is recommended, 3 - alert! replace the pipe immediately! Type: assert_numeric.

design_pressure

design pressure of pipe, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

safe_pressure

safe maximum pressure for the corroded area, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

pressure_exceeding

whether operator's action is required to reduce MOAP lower than the maximum safe pressure of the corroded area. Type: assert_logical.

allowed_corrosion_depth

allowable depth of the corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

A

intermediate factor related to the geometry of the corroded area, []. Type: assert_double.

allowed_corrosion_length

allowable length of the corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

AP

another intermediate factor related to the geometry of the corroded area, []. Type: assert_double.

References

ASME B31 G-1991. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. A supplement to ASME B31G code for pressure piping.

See Also

Other ASME B31G: b31gacd(), b31gacl(), b31gafr(), b31gdep(), b31gops(), b31gsap()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

## Further examples are inspired by those used in Appendix A of
## ASME B31G-1991 to verify correct entry of CRVL.BAS source code:

## Standard example 1
b31crvl(
  maop = 910, d = 30, wth = .438, smys = 52000, def  = .72, depth = .1,
  l = 7.5
)

## Standard example 2
b31crvl(
  maop = 400, d = 20, wth = .25, smys = 35000, def  = 0.5, depth = 0.18,
  l = 10
)

## Standard example 3
b31crvl(
  maop = 910, d = 24, wth = .432, smys = 52000, def  = .72, depth = 0.13,
  l = 30
)

## Standard example 4
b31crvl(
  maop = 910, d = 24, wth = .432, smys = 52000, def  = .72, depth = .3,
  l = 30
)

## Standard example 5
b31crvl(
  maop = 731, d = 24, wth = .281, smys = 52000, def  = 0.72, depth = 0.08,
  l = 15
)

## Standard example 6
b31crvl(
  maop = 1e3, d = 36, wth = .5, smys = 52000, def  = 0.72, depth = 0.41,
  l = 100
)

## Standard example 8
b31crvl(
  maop = 877, d = 12.625, wth = .5, smys = 35000, def  = .4, depth = .035,
  l = 3
)

## Standard example 9
b31crvl(
  maop = 790, d = 24, wth = .5, smys = 42000, def  = .5, depth = .125, l = 12
)

## TEST #1
b31crvl(
  maop = 790, d = 24, wth = .5, smys = 42000, def  = .5, depth = .179, l = 12
)

## TEST #1A
b31crvl(
  maop = 790, d = 24, wth = .5, smys = 42000, def  = .5, depth = .179,
  l = 12.182
)

## TEST #1B
b31crvl(
  maop = 790, d = 24, wth = .5, smys = 42000, def  = .5, depth = .180,
  l = 12.182
)

## TEST #2
b31crvl(
  maop = 790, d = 24, wth = .5, smys = 42000, def  = .5, depth = .179,
  l = 12.297
)

## All examples at once:
data(b31gdata)
with(b31gdata, b31crvl(maop, d, wth, smys, def, depth, l))

Description

Calculate allowable depth of the corroded area in the pipe.

Usage

b31gacd(dep, maop, d, wth, l)

Arguments

Value

Allowable depth of the corroded area in the pipe, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

References

ASME B31G-1991. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. A#' supplement to ASTME B31 code for pressure piping.

See Also

Other ASME B31G: b31crvl(), b31gacl(), b31gafr(), b31gdep(), b31gops(), b31gsap()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

b31gacd(1093, 910, 30, .438, 7.5)

Description

Calculate allowable length of the corroded area in the pipe.

Usage

b31gacl(dep, maop, d, wth, depth, l)

Arguments

Value

Allowable length of the corroded area in the pipe, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

References

ASME B31G-1991. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. A supplement to ASTME B31 code for pressure piping.

See Also

Other ASME B31G: b31crvl(), b31gacd(), b31gafr(), b31gdep(), b31gops(), b31gsap()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Corrosion is low, no limit for the corroded area length:
b31gacl(1093, 910, 30, .438, .1, 7.5)

# Finite allowed length of the corroded area
b31gacl(438, 400, 20, .25, .18, 10)

Description

Calculate intermediate factor related to the geometry of the corroded area.

Usage

b31gafr(d, wth, l)

Arguments

Value

Intermediate factor related to the geometry of the corroded area, []. Type: assert_double.

References

ASME B31G-1991. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. A supplement to ASTME B31 code for pressure piping.

See Also

Other ASME B31G: b31crvl(), b31gacd(), b31gacl(), b31gdep(), b31gops(), b31gsap()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# A-factor is less than 5, so the corrosion is not critical:
b31gafr(30, .438, 7.5)

Description

Data represents examples used for verification of computer program CRVL.BAS listed in Appendix A of ASME B31G-1991.

Usage

b31gdata

Format

A data frame with 12 rows and 15 variables:

maop

maximum allowable operating pressure - MAOP, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

d

nominal outside diameter of pipe, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

wth

nominal wall thickness of pipe, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

smys

specified minimum yield of stress (SMYS) as a characteristics of steel strength, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

def

appropriate (combined) design factor from ASME B31.4, ASME B31.8, or ASME B31.11, []. Type: assert_double.

depth

measured maximum depth of the corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

l

measured maximum longitudinal length of corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

status

operational status of pipe: 1 - excellent, 2 - monitoring is recommended, 3 - alert! replace the pipe immediately! Type: assert_numeric.

design_pressure

design pressure of pipe, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

safe_pressure

safe maximum pressure for the corroded area, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

pressure_exceeding

whether operator's action is required to reduce MOAP lower than the maximum safe pressure of the corroded area. Type: assert_logical.

allowed_corrosion_depth

allowable depth of the corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

A

intermediate factor related to the geometry of the corroded area, []. Type: assert_double.

allowed_corrosion_length

allowable length of the corroded area, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

AP

another intermediate factor related to the geometry of the corroded area, []. Type: assert_double.

Source

https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/002/asme.b31g.1991.pdf

Examples

library(pipenostics)

head(b31gdata)

Description

Calculate the design pressure that according to ASME B31G-1991 is the conditioned construction characteristic that should not in no way exceeded.

Usage

b31gdep(d, wth, smys, def)

Arguments

Value

Design pressure of pipe, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

References

ASME B31G-1991. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. A supplement to ASTME B31 code for pressure piping.

See Also

Other ASME B31G: b31crvl(), b31gacd(), b31gacl(), b31gafr(), b31gops(), b31gsap()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

b31gdep(30, .438, 52e3, .72)

Description

Calculate failure pressure of the corroded pipe according to Modified B31G,Level-1 algorithm listed in ASME B31G-2012.

The next assumption of corrosion shape is adopted by Modified B31G:

The $d_{\text{cor}}$ value depicted in the figure above is represented by argument depth.

Usage

b31gmodpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)

Arguments

Details

Since the definition of flow stress, Sflow, in ASME B31G-2012 is recommended with Level 1 as follows:

$S_{\text{flow}} = 1.1\cdot\text{SMYS}$

no other possibilities of its evaluation are incorporated.

For this code we avoid possible semantic optimization to preserve readability and correlation with original text description in ASME B31G-2012. At the same time source code for estimated failure pressure preserves maximum affinity with its semantic description in ASME B31G-2012.

Numeric NAs may appear in case prescribed conditions of use are offended.

Value

Estimated failure pressure of the corroded pipe, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

References

1. ASME B31G-2012. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines: supplement to B31 Code for pressure piping.

2. S. Timashev and A. Bushinskaya, Diagnostics and Reliability of Pipeline Systems, Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality 30, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25307-7.

See Also

Other Failure estimation: b31gpf(), dnvpf(), mepof(), pcorrcpf(), shell92pf()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

## Example: maximum percentage disparity of original B31G
## algorithm and modified B31G showed on CRVL.BAS data
with(b31gdata, {
  original  <- b31gpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  modified  <- b31gmodpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  round(max(100 * abs(1 - original/modified), na.rm = TRUE), 4)
})

## Example: plot disparity of original B31G algorithm and
## modified B31G showed on CRVL data
with(b31gdata[-(6:7),], {
  b31g  <- b31gpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  b31gmod  <- b31gmodpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  axe_range <- range(c(b31g, b31gmod))
  plot(b31g, b31g, type = 'b', pch = 16,
       xlab = 'Pressure, [PSI]',
       ylab = 'Pressure, [PSI]',
       main = 'Failure pressure method comparison',
       xlim = axe_range, ylim = axe_range)
  inc <- order(b31g)
  lines(b31g[inc], b31gmod[inc], type = 'b', col = 'red')
  legend('topleft',
         legend = c('B31G Original',
                    'B31G Modified'),
         col = c('black', 'red'),
         lty = 'solid')
})

Description

Determine the operational status of pipe: is it excellent? or is technological control required? or is it critical situation?

Usage

b31gops(wth, depth)

Arguments

Value

Operational status of pipe as an integer value:

• 1 - excellent

• 2 - monitoring is recommended

• 3 - alert! replace the pipe immediately!

Type: assert_numeric and assert_subset.

References

ASME B31G-1991. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. A supplement to ASTME B31 code for pressure piping.

See Also

Other ASME B31G: b31crvl(), b31gacd(), b31gacl(), b31gafr(), b31gdep(), b31gsap()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Typical status for the most of pipes:
b31gops(.438, .1)

# Alert! Corrosion depth is too high! Replace the pipe!
b31gops(.5, .41)

Description

Calculate failure pressure of the corroded pipe according to Original B31G, Level-1 algorithm listed in ASME B31G-2012.

The next assumption of the corrosion shape is adopted by ASME B31G-2012:

There (a) is a parabolic and (b) is a rectangular idealizations of a corroded area.

Usage

b31gpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)

Arguments

Details

Since the definition of flow stress, Sflow, in ASME B31G-2012 is recommended with Level 1 as follows:

$S_{\text{flow}} = 1.1\cdot\text{SMYS}$

no other possibilities of its evaluation are incorporated.

For this code we avoid possible semantic optimization to preserve readability and correlation with original text description in ASME B31G-2012. At the same time source code for estimated failure pressure preserves maximum affinity with its semantic description in ASME B31G-2012 and slightly differs from that given by Timashev et al. The latter deviates up to 0.7 % on examples supplied with CRVL.BAS - (b31gdata).

Numeric NAs may appear in case prescribed conditions of use are offended.

Value

Estimated failure pressure of the corroded pipe, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

References

1. ASME B31G-2012. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines: supplement to B31 Code for pressure piping.

2. S. Timashev and A. Bushinskaya, Diagnostics and Reliability of Pipeline Systems, Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality 30, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25307-7.

See Also

Other Failure estimation: b31gmodpf(), dnvpf(), mepof(), pcorrcpf(), shell92pf()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

## Example: maximum percentage disparity of original B31G
## algorithm and modified B31G showed on CRVL.BAS data
with(b31gdata, {
  original  <- b31gpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  modified  <- b31gmodpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  round(max(100 * abs(1 - original / modified), na.rm = TRUE), 4)
})

## Example: plot disparity of original B31G algorithm and
## modified B31G showed on CRVL data
with(b31gdata[-(6:7),], {
  b31g  <- b31gpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  b31gmod  <- b31gmodpf(d, wth, smys, depth, l)
  axe_range <- range(c(b31g, b31gmod))
  plot(b31g, b31g, type = 'b', pch = 16,
       xlab = 'Pressure, [PSI]',
       ylab = 'Pressure, [PSI]',
       main = 'Failure pressure method comparison',
       xlim = axe_range, ylim = axe_range)
  inc <- order(b31g)
  lines(b31g[inc], b31gmod[inc], type = 'b', col = 'red')
  legend('topleft',
         legend = c('B31G Original',
                    'B31G Modified'),
         col = c('black', 'red'),
         lty = 'solid')
})

Description

Calculate safe maximum pressure for the corroded area of pipe.

Usage

b31gsap(dep, d, wth, depth, l)

Arguments

Value

Safe maximum pressure for the corroded area of pipe, [PSI]. Type: assert_double.

References

ASME B31G-1991.Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines. A supplement to ASTME B31 code for pressure piping.

See Also

Other ASME B31G: b31crvl(), b31gacd(), b31gacl(), b31gafr(), b31gdep(), b31gops()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# safe pressure is equal to design pressure:
b31gsap(1093, 30, .438, .1, 7.5)

# safe pressure is lower than design pressure due corrosion:
b31gsap(877, 24, .281, .08, 15)

Description

Check the correspondence inside nominal diameter/wall thickness value pair for pipes manufactured in accordance with regulatory standards.

Verification is performed using reference values from the b36pipedata-table. So, the result is TRUE if d- and w-value combination can be found in rows of this dataset.

Usage

b36dwthv(d, wth)

Arguments

Value

Verification status. Type: assert_logical.

See Also

Other ASME B36.10M: b36mass(), b36pipedata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# All pipes in test bench of district heating network have strictly
# consistent diameters and wall thicknesses:

all(b36dwthv(m325nxdata[["d"]], m325nxdata[["wth"]]))

Description

Estimate mass or geometric specifications of the manufactured pipes

Usage

b36mass(d, wth, len = 1, rho = 7.85, origin = NULL)

b36d(wth, mass, len = 1, rho = 7.85)

b36wth(d, mass, len = 1, rho = 7.85)

Arguments

Details

The mass of a one-meter pipe segment is determined by linear interpolation based on the tabular data provided in the specified origins (see b36pipedata). If the origin of the initial data is NULL (default), the mass of the pipe is calculated using a formula:

$M = 10^{-3} \pi \rho w \left(d - w \right ) \cdot l$

where

• $M$ - mass of a pipe, [kg]

• $\rho$ - mass density of pipe material, [g/cm³]

• $w$ - nominal wall thickness of the manufactured pipe, [mm]

• $d$ - nominal outside diameter of the manufactured pipe, [mm]

• $l$ - actual pipe length, [m]

For origin in c(1, 2, 4, 5) the values provided in the b36pipedata match the calculated values obtained from the formula with an accuracy of 1 %.

Inverse calculations b36wth and b36d are performed using algebraically derived formulas.

Value

for b36mass

pipe mass, [kg]

for b36wth

pipe wall thickness, [mm]

for b36d

outside diameter of pipe, [mm]

See Also

Other ASME B36.10M: b36dwthv(), b36pipedata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Since some specification origins provide the mass of a one-meter pipe
# segment taking into account possible deviations during its production
# process, when the user specifies the origin ID directly, the mass values
# are calculated using linear interpolation:
b36mass(68, 13, rho = 7.9, origin = 7L)

# The discrepancy with the calculations based on the formula can be more
# than 7 %:
b36mass(68, 13, rho = 7.9, origin = NULL)

# For origins which are ASME B36 standards such differences should be
# minimal:
b36mass(965, 10.31, origin = 1L) - b36mass(965, 10.31, origin = NULL)

# The calculations of diameter and wall thickness are straightforward and
# use only inverse formulas without origin references:
b36d(10.31, 242.74)

b36wth(965, 242.74)

Description

Data represents the nominal specifications of steel pipes produced by the industry according to regulatory standards.

Usage

b36pipedata

Format

A data frame with 6064 rows and 5 variables:

d

Nominal outside diameter of the manufactured pipe, [mm]. Type: assert_double.

wth

Nominal wall thickness of the manufactured pipe, [mm]. Type: assert_double.

rho

Nominal mass density of the steel rank applied in the pipe manufacturing, [g/cm³]. Type: assert_double.

mass

Nominal mass of one-meter length pipe segment, [kg]. Type: assert_double.

origin

1

ASME B36.10M-2018

2

ASME B36.19M-2018

3

GOST 20295-85. Table 1

4

GOST 33229-2015. Table 1

5

GOST 33229-2015. Table 2

6

GOST R 57423-2017. Table 1

7

GOST R 57423-2017. Table 2

8

GOST R 57423-2017. Table 3

9

GOST R 57423-2017. Table 4

Type: assert_integer.

NOTE! Due to numerous typos in origins with identifiers 4, 5 all mass values in those origins are the recalculations made with formula

$M = 0.02466 \cdot w\left(d - w \right )$

where

• $M$ - mass of one-meter pipe segment, [kg]

• $d$ - nominal outside diameter of the manufactured pipe, [mm]

• $w$ (wth) - nominal wall thickness of the manufactured pipe, [mm]

References

1. ASME B36.10M-2018. Welded and seamless wrought steel pipe.

2. ASME B36.19M-2018. Stainless steel pipe.

3. GOST 20295-85. Steel welded pipes for main gas-and-oil pipelines. Specifications.

4. GOST 33229-2015. Tubes for boiler and heat exchanging equipment. Technical specifications. Part 1. Seamless steel pipes to work under pressure. not more than 6,4 MPa and at temperatures not exceeding 400 °C

5. GOST R 57423-2017. Tubes for boiler and heat exchanging equipment. Part 2. Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes more 6.4 MPa and temperatures exceeding 400 °C. Specifications.

See Also

Other ASME B36.10M: b36dwthv(), b36mass()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

head(b36pipedata)

Description

Convert temperature measured in Kelvin- or Fahrenheit-scale to Celsius (°C).

Usage

c_k(x)

c_f(x)

Arguments

Value

Temperature in Celsius-scale, [°C]. Type: assert_double.

See Also

k_c and f_c for converting from Celsius-scale.

Other Measurement Unit Converter: f_k(), inch_mm(), k_c(), kgf_mpa(), loss_flux(), mm_inch(), mpa_kgf(), mpa_psi(), psi_mpa()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Convert from Kelvin to Celsius:
c_k(c(0, 373.15))

# Convert from Fahrenheit to Celsius:
c_f(c(-459.67, 212))

Description

Calculate failure pressure of the corroded pipe according to Section 8.2 of DNV-RP-F101. The estimation is valid for single isolated metal loss defects of the corrosion/erosion type and when only internal pressure loading is considered.

The next assumption of the corrosion shape is adopted by DNV-RP-F101:

There dcor represents argument depth.

Usage

dnvpf(d, wth, uts, depth, l)

Arguments

Details

In contrast to ASME B31G-2012 property of pipe metal is characterized by specified minimum tensile strength - SMTS, [N/mm²], and SI is default unit system. SMTS is given in the line pipe steel material specifications (e.g. API 5L) for each material grade.

At the same time Timashev et al. used ultimate tensile strength - UTS in place of SMTS. So, for the case those quantities may be used in interchangeable way.

Numeric NAs may appear in case prescribed conditions of use are offended.

Value

Estimated failure pressure of the corroded pipe, [MPa]. Type: assert_double.

References

1. Recommended practice DNV-RP-F101. Corroded pipelines. DET NORSKE VERITAS, October 2010.

2. ASME B31G-2012. Manual for determining the remaining strength of corroded pipelines: supplement to B31 Code for pressure piping.

3. S. Timashev and A. Bushinskaya, Diagnostics and Reliability of Pipeline Systems, Topics in Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality 30, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25307-7.

See Also

Other Failure estimation: b31gmodpf(), b31gpf(), mepof(), pcorrcpf(), shell92pf()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Consider two pipes with the next specifications:
d     <- c(812.8, 219.0)  # [mm]
wth   <- c( 19.1,  14.5)  # [mm]
uts   <- c(530.9, 455.1)  # [N/mm²]
l     <- c(203.2, 200.0)  # [mm]
depth <- c( 13.4,   9.0)  # [mm]

# Get the failure pressure for that pipes:
dnvpf(d, wth, uts, depth, l)

Description

Calculate drop or recovery of flow rate in pipe using geometric factors.

The calculated value may be positive or negative. When it is positive they have the drop, i.e. the decrease of flow rate in the outlet of pipe under consideration. When the calculated value is negative they have the recovery, i.e. the increase of flow rate in the outlet of pipe under consideration. In both cases to calculate flow rate on the outlet of pipe under consideration simply subtract the calculated value from the sensor-measured flow rate on the inlet.

Usage

dropg(adj = 0, d = 700, flow_rate = 250)

Arguments

Details

It is common that sensor-measured flow rate undergoes discharges to network and recharges from it. For calculation of flow rate drop or recovery the next configuration of district heating network segment is assumed:

Usually, there are no additional sensors that could measure flow rate in each flow fork. In that case they only may operate with geometric factors, i.e. assuming that flow rate is proportional to square of pipe diameter.

The simple summation of flow rates over all adjacent pipes produces the required flow rate drop or recovery located on the outlet of the pipe under consideration. Since there is concurrency between discharges and recharges the diameters of discharge pipes are regarded positive whereas diameters of recharge pipes must be negative.

Be careful when dealing with geometric factors for large amount of recharges from network: there are no additional physical constraints and thus the calculated value of recovery may have non-sense.

Value

Flow rate drop or recovery at the outlet of pipe, [ton/h], numeric vector. The value is positive for drop, whereas for recovery it is negative. In both cases to calculate flow rate on the outlet of pipe under consideration simply subtract the calculated value from the sensor-measured flow rate on the inlet. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Regime tracing: dropp(), dropt(), m325tracebw(), m325tracefw(), m325traceline(), tracebw(), tracefw(), traceline()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Let consider pipes according to network segment scheme depicted in figure
# in [?dropg] help-page.

# Typical large diameters of pipes under consideration, [mm]:
d <- as.double(unique(subset(pipenostics::m325nhldata, d > 700)$d))

# Let sensor-measured flow rate in the inlet of pipe
# under consideration be proportional to d, [ton/h]:
flow_rate <- .125 * d

# Let consider total diameter case when total diameters of adjacent pipes are
# no more than d, [mm]:
adj <- c(450, -400, 950, -255, 1152)

# As at may be seen for the second and fourth cases they predominantly have
# recharges from network.
# Let calculate flow rate on the outlet of the pipe under consideration,
# [ton/h]

flow_rate - dropg(adj, d, flow_rate)

Description

Calculate pressure drop in straight cylindrical steel pipe of district heating system (where water is a heat carrier) that is a result of pipe orientation in space (hydrostatic component), and friction between water and internal wall of pipe.

Usage

dropp(
  temperature = 130,
  pressure = mpa_kgf(6),
  flow_rate = 1276,
  d = 1,
  len = 1,
  roughness = 0.006,
  inlet = 0,
  outlet = 0,
  method = "romeo"
)

Arguments

Details

The underlying engineering model for calculation of pressure drop considers only two contributions (components):

1. Pressure drop due to gravity (hydrostatic component).

2. Pressure drop due to friction.

The model does not consider any size changes of pipe and presence of fittings.

For the first component that depends on pipe position in space the next figure illustrates adopted disposition of pipe.

So, the expression for the first component can be written as:

$g \rho (o - i)$

where $g$ - is gravity factor, m/s², and $\rho$ - density of water (heat carrier), kg/m³; $i$ (inlet) and $o$ (outlet) are appropriate pipe elevations (under sea or any other adopted level), m.

The second component comes from Darcy–Weisbach equation and is calculated using heating carrier regime parameters (temperature,pressure, flow_rate). Temperature and pressure values of heat carrier define water properties according to IAPWS formulation.

Several methods for calculating of Darcy friction factor are possible and limited to the next direct approximations of Colebrook equation:

romeo

Romeo, Royo and Monzon, 2002

vatankhah

Vatankhah and Kouchakzadeh, 2009

buzzelli

Buzzelli, 2008

According to Brkic, 2011 approximations errors of those methods do not exceed 0.15 % for the most combinations of Reynolds numbers and actual values of internal wall roughness of pipe.

Value

Pressure drop at the outlet of pipe, [MPa]. Type: assert_double.

References

• W.Wagner et al. The IAPWS Industrial Formulation 1997 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Water and Steam, J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power. Jan 2000, 122(1): 150-184 (35 pages).

• M.L.Huber et al.New International Formulation for the Viscosity of $H_2O$, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 38, 101 (2009).

• D.Brkic. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, Vol. 77,Issue 1, April 2011, Pages 34-48.

• Romeo, E., Royo, C., Monzon, A., 2002. Improved explicit equation for estimation of friction factor in rough and smooth pipes. Chem. Eng. J. 86 (3), 369–374.

• Vatankhah, A.R., Kouchakzadeh, S., 2009. Discussion: Exact equations for pipe-flow problems, by P.K. Swamee and P.N. Rathie. J. Hydraul. Res. IAHR 47 (7), 537–538.

• Buzzelli, D., 2008. Calculating friction in one step. Mach. Des. 80 (12), 54–55.

See Also

dropt for calculating temperature drop in pipe

Other Regime tracing: dropg(), dropt(), m325tracebw(), m325tracefw(), m325traceline(), tracebw(), tracefw(), traceline()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Typical pressure drop for horizontal pipeline segments
# in high-way heating network in Novosibirsk:

dropp(len = c(200, 300))

Description

Calculate temperature drop in steel pipe of district heating system (where water is a heat carrier) that is a result of heat loss through pipe wall and insulation.

Usage

dropt(
  temperature = 130,
  pressure = mpa_kgf(6),
  flow_rate = 250,
  loss_power = 7000
)

Arguments

Details

Specific isobaric heat capacity used in calculations is calculated according to IAPWS R7-97(2012) for Region 1 since it is assumed that state of water in district heating system is always in that region.

Value

Temperature drop at the outlet of pipe, [°C]. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Regime tracing: dropg(), dropp(), m325tracebw(), m325tracefw(), m325traceline(), tracebw(), tracefw(), traceline()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Calculate normative temperature drop based on Minenergo-325 for pipe
# segment
pipeline <- list(
  year   = 1968,
  laying = "channel",
  d      = 700, # [mm]
  len    = 1000 # [m]
)

regime <- list(
  temperature = c(130, 150), # [°C]
  pressure    = .588399,     # [MPa]
  flow_rate   = 250          # [ton/h]
)

pipe_loss_power <- do.call(
    m325nhl,
    c(pipeline, temperature = list(regime[["temperature"]]), duration = 1)
)

temperature_drop <- dropt(
  temperature = regime[["temperature"]], # [°C]
  loss_power  = pipe_loss_power          # [kcal/h]
)                                        # [°C]

print(temperature_drop)

Description

Convert temperature measured in Kelvin- or Celsius-scale to Fahrenheit (°F).

Usage

f_k(x)

f_c(x)

Arguments

Value

Temperature in Fahrenheit-scale, [°F]. Type: assert_double.

See Also

k_f and c_f for converting from Fahrenheit-scale.

Other Measurement Unit Converter: c_k(), inch_mm(), k_c(), kgf_mpa(), loss_flux(), mm_inch(), mpa_kgf(), mpa_psi(), psi_mpa()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Convert from Kelvin to Fahrenheit:
f_k(c(0, 373.15))

# Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit:
f_c(c(-273.15, 100))

Description

Find and list all possible paths of heat carrier flow (water) in the given topology of district heating system.

Usage

flowls(sender = "A", acceptor = "B", use_cluster = FALSE)

Arguments

Details

Only branched topology without cycles is considered where no more than one incoming edge exists for every acceptor node. For instance, m325nxdata has permitted topology.

Though input arguments are natively vectorized their individual values all relate to common part of district heating network, i.e. associated with common object. It is due to isomorphism between vector representation and directed graph of this network. For more details of isomorphic topology description see m325nxdata.

Value

Named list that contains integer vectors as its elements. The name of each element in the list is the name of acceptor associated with terminal node of district heating network. Each vector in the list represents an ordered sequence of indexes in acceptor that enumerates incoming edges from starting node to terminal one. The length of returned link{list} is equal to number of terminal nodes for topology considered. Type: assert_list.

See Also

m325nxdata for example of topology of district heating system

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Find path from A to B in trivial line topology:
flowls("A", "B")

# More complex example with two terminal nodes D and E:
flowls(c("A", "B", "B"), c("B", "D", "E"))

# All possible flow paths in test bench illustrated in `?m325nxdata`:
all_paths <- list(
  c(12, 13, 11, 8, 4, 1),  # hereinafter indexes of acceptor nodes
  c(12, 13, 11, 8, 4, 2),
  c(12, 13, 11, 8, 6, 5,  3),
  c(12, 13, 11, 8, 6, 7),
  c(12, 13, 11, 8, 6, 9),
  c(12, 13, 11, 10),
  c(12, 13, 14, 15),
  c(12, 13, 16, 17),
  c(12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 19),
  c(12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 21),
  c(12, 13, 16, 18, 22, 24),
  c(12, 13, 16, 18, 22, 25),
  c(12, 13, 16, 18, 20, 23, 26)
)

# find those paths:
with(m325nxdata, flowls(sender, acceptor))

Description

Estimate Darcy friction factor explicitly with extremely accurate Buzzelli approximation of Colebrook equation.

Usage

fric_buzzelli(reynolds, roughness = 0, strict = FALSE)

Arguments

Details

Buzzelli's formula is reported to be extremely accurate in the region:

• 3.0e3 <= reynolds <= 3.0e8

• 0 <= roughness <= 0.05

In strict = TRUE mode argument values outside this precision region are not allowed, whereas in strict = FALSE either NAs are generated in that case or calculation for laminar flow is performed when reynolds < 2100.0.

Value

Pipe friction factor, []. Type: assert_double.

References

1. Offor, U. and Alabi, S. (2016) An Accurate and Computationally Efficient Explicit Friction Factor Model. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 6, pp. 237-245. doi:10.4236/aces.2016.63024.

2. Buzzelli, D. (2008) Calculating friction in one step. Machine Design, 80 (12), pp. 54–55.

See Also

Other Fluid properties: fric_romeo(), fric_vatankhan(), re_u()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

fric_buzzelli(c(2118517, 2000, 2118517), c(1e-6, 70e-3/1, 7e-3/1))

fric_buzzelli(c(2118517, 5500, 2118517), c(1e-6, 50e-3/1, 7e-3/1), TRUE)

Description

Estimate Darcy friction factor explicitly with extremely accurate Romeo-Royo-Monzón approximation of Colebrook equation.

Usage

fric_romeo(reynolds, roughness = 0, strict = FALSE)

Arguments

Details

Romeo's formula is reported to be extremely accurate in the region:

• 3.0e3 <= reynolds <= 1.5e8

• 0.0 <= roughness <= 0.05

In strict = TRUE mode argument values outside this precision region are not allowed, whereas in strict = FALSE either NAs are generated in that case or calculation for laminar flow is performed when reynolds < 2100.0.

Value

Pipe friction factor, []. Type: assert_double.

References

1. Offor, U. and Alabi, S. (2016) An Accurate and Computationally Efficient Explicit Friction Factor Model. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 6, pp. 237-245. doi:10.4236/aces.2016.63024.

2. Eva Romeo, Carlos Royo, Antonio Monzón, Improved explicit equations for estimation of friction factor in rough and smooth pipes, Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 86, Issue 3, 2002, Pages 369-374, ISSN 1385-8947. doi:10.1016/S1385-8947(01)00254-6.

See Also

Other Fluid properties: fric_buzzelli(), fric_vatankhan(), re_u()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

fric_romeo(c(2118517, 2000, 2118517), c(0, 70e-3/1, 7e-3/1))

fric_romeo(c(2118517, 3030, 2118517), c(0, 50e-3/1, 7e-3/1), TRUE)

Description

Estimate Darcy friction factor explicitly with extremely accurate Vatankhah-Kouchakzadeh approximation of Colebrook equation.

Usage

fric_vatankhan(reynolds, roughness = 0, strict = FALSE)

Arguments

Details

Vatankhah's formula is reported to be extremely accurate in the region:

• 5.0e3 <= reynolds <= 1.0e8

• 1e-6 <= roughness <= 0.05

In strict = TRUE mode argument values outside this precision region are not allowed, whereas in strict = FALSE either NAs are generated in that case or calculation for laminar flow is performed when reynolds < 2100.0.

Value

Pipe friction factor, []. Type: assert_double.

References

1. Offor, U. and Alabi, S. (2016) An Accurate and Computationally Efficient Explicit Friction Factor Model.Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 6, pp. 237-245. doi:10.4236/aces.2016.63024.

2. Ali R. Vatankhah, Salah Kouchakzadeh (2009) Exact equations for pipe-flow problems.Journal of Hydraulic Research, 47:4, pp. 537-538, doi:10.1080/00221686.2009.9522031.

See Also

Other Fluid properties: fric_buzzelli(), fric_romeo(), re_u()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

fric_vatankhan(c(2118517, 2000, 2118517), c(1e-6, 70e-3/1, 7e-3/1))

fric_vatankhan(c(2118517, 5500, 2118517), c(1e-6, 50e-3/1, 7e-3/1), TRUE)

Description

Calculate geographical metrics (distance, area) for two or three geographical locations.

Usage

geoarea(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, lat3, lon3, earth = 6371008.7714)

geodist(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, earth = 6371008.7714)

Arguments

Details

geodist calculates distance between two geographical locations on Earth, whereas geoarea calculates the area of spherical triangle between three geographical locations. Both functions use absolute positions of geographical locations described by geographical coordinate system in decimal degrees units denoted as DD. The haversine formula is applied to calculate the distance, and so the spherical model of Earth is considered in both functions.

Since several variants of Earth radius can be accepted, the user is welcome to provide its own value. WGS-84 mean radius of semi-axes,$R_1$, is the default value.

The resulting distance is expressed in metres (m), whereas the area is expressed in square kilometers (km²).

Value

For geodist:

distance between two geographical locations, [m].

For geoarea:

area of spherical triangle between three geographical locations, [km²].

Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Geo Information: meteos(), mgtdhid()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Consider the longest linear pipeline segment in Krasnoyarsk, [DD]:
pipe <- list(
  lat1 = 55.98320350, lon1 = 92.81257226,
  lat2 = 55.99302417, lon2 = 92.80691885
)

# and some official Earth radii, [m]:
R <- c(
  nominal_zero_tide_equatorial = 6378100.0000,
  nominal_zero_tide_polar      = 6356800.0000,
  equatorial_radius            = 6378137.0000,
  semiminor_axis_b             = 6356752.3141,
  polar_radius_of_curvature    = 6399593.6259,
  mean_radius_R1               = 6371008.7714,
  same_surface_R2              = 6371007.1810,
  same_volume_R3               = 6371000.7900,
  WGS84_ellipsoid_axis_a       = 6378137.0000,
  WGS84_ellipsoid_axis_b       = 6356752.3142,
  WGS84_ellipsoid_curvature_c  = 6399593.6258,
  WGS84_ellipsoid_R1           = 6371008.7714,
  WGS84_ellipsoid_R2           = 6371007.1809,
  WGS84_ellipsoid_R3           = 6371000.7900,
  GRS80_axis_a                 = 6378137.0000,
  GRS80_axis_b                 = 6356752.3141,
  spherical_approx             = 6366707.0195,
  meridional_at_the_equator    = 6335439.0000,
  Chimborazo_maximum           = 6384400.0000,
  Arctic_Ocean_minimum         = 6352800.0000,
  Averaged_center_to_surface   = 6371230.0000
)

# Calculate length of the pipeline segment for different radii:
len <- with(
  pipe, vapply(
    R, geodist, double(1), lat1 = lat1, lon1 = lon1, lat2 = lat2, lon2 = lon2
  )
)

range(len)

# Consider some remarkable objects on Earth, [DD]:
objects <- rbind(
  Mount_Kailash      = c(lat = 31.069831297551982, lon =  81.31215667724196),
  Easter_Island_Moai = c(lat =-27.166873910247862, lon =-109.37092217323053),
  Great_Pyramid      = c(lat = 29.979229451772856, lon =  31.13418110843685),
  Antarctic_Pyramid  = c(lat = -79.97724194984573, lon = -81.96170583068950),
  Stonehendge        = c(lat = 51.179036665131870, lon =-1.8262150017463086)
)

# Consider all combinations of distances between them:
path <- t(combn(rownames(objects), 2))

d <- geodist(
  lat1 = objects[path[, 1], "lat"],
  lon1 = objects[path[, 1], "lon"],
  lat2 = objects[path[, 2], "lat"],
  lon2 = objects[path[, 2], "lon"]
) * 1e-3

cat(
  paste(
    sprintf("%s <--- %1.4f km ---> %s", path[, 1], d, path[, 2]),
    collapse = "\n"
)
)

# Consider two areas
#         * Bermuda triangle     * Polynesian Triangle
lat1 <- c(Miami   =  25.789106,  Hawaii       =   19.820680)
lon1 <- c(Miami   = -80.226529,  Hawaii       = -155.467989)

lat2 <- c(Bermuda =  32.294887,  NewZeland    =  -43.443219)
lon2 <- c(Bermuda = -64.781380,  NewZeland    =  170.271360)

lat3 <- c(SanJuan =  18.466319,  EasterIsland =  -27.112701)
lon3 <- c(SanJuan = -66.105743,  EasterIsland = -109.349668)

# Area provided by manually operated Google Earth:
GETriangleArea <- c(
  Bermuda    =  1147627.48,  # [km²]
  Polynesian = 28775517.77   # [km²]
)

# Show the discrepancy in calculations, [km²]:
geoarea(lat1, lon1, lat2, lon2, lat3, lon3) - GETriangleArea

Description

Convert length measured in millimeters (mm) to inches

Usage

inch_mm(x)

Arguments

Value

Length in inches, [inch]. Type: assert_double.

See Also

mm_inch for converting inches to mm

Other Measurement Unit Converter: c_k(), f_k(), k_c(), kgf_mpa(), loss_flux(), mm_inch(), mpa_kgf(), mpa_psi(), psi_mpa()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

inch_mm(c(25.4, 1))

Description

Convert temperature measured in Celsius- or Fahrenheit-scale to Kelvin (K).

Usage

k_c(x)

k_f(x)

Arguments

Value

Temperature in Kelvin-scale, [K]. Type: assert_double.

See Also

c_k and f_k for converting from Kelvin-scale.

Other Measurement Unit Converter: c_k(), f_k(), inch_mm(), kgf_mpa(), loss_flux(), mm_inch(), mpa_kgf(), mpa_psi(), psi_mpa()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Convert from Celsius to Kelvin:
k_c(c(-273.15, 100))

# Convert from Fahrenheit to Kelvin:
k_f(c(-459.67, 212))

Description

Convert pressure (stress) measured in megapascals (MPa) to kilogram-force per square cm (kgf/cm²).

Usage

kgf_mpa(x)

Arguments

Value

Pressure (stress) in kilogram-force per square cm, [kgf/cm²]. Type: assert_double.

See Also

mpa_kgf for converting kilogram-force per square cm to megapascals

Other Measurement Unit Converter: c_k(), f_k(), inch_mm(), k_c(), loss_flux(), mm_inch(), mpa_kgf(), mpa_psi(), psi_mpa()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

kgf_mpa(c(0.0980665, 1))

Description

Convert heat flux measured for a cylindrical steel pipe to specific heat loss power of pipe.

Usage

loss_flux(x, d = 720)

flux_loss(x, d = 720)

Arguments

Value

Value of

• specific heat loss power, [kcal/m/h], for loss_flux(x, d, wth)

• heat flux, [W/m²], for flux_loss(x, d, wth)(x)

Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Measurement Unit Converter: c_k(), f_k(), inch_mm(), k_c(), kgf_mpa(), mm_inch(), mpa_kgf(), mpa_psi(), psi_mpa()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Consider pipes with nominal (outside) diameters:
d <- c(998, 1395)  # [mm]

# Then maximum possible normative neat loss according (Minenergo-325) is
loss_max <- c(218, 1040)  # [kcal/m/h]

# The appropriate flux is
flux <- flux_loss(loss_max, d)
print(flux)

stopifnot(all.equal(loss_flux(flux, d), loss_max, tolerance = 1e-5))

Description

Calculate normative heat loss through the thermal insulation of the open-air supplying pipe as a function of construction, operation, and technical condition specifications according to Appendix 5.1 of Minenergo Method 278.

This type of calculations is usually made on design stage of district heating network (where water is a heat carrier) and is closely related to building codes and regulations.

Usage

m278hlair(
  t1 = 110,
  t2 = 60,
  t0 = 5,
  insd1 = 0.1,
  insd2 = insd1,
  d1 = 0.25,
  d2 = d1,
  lambda1 = 0.09,
  lambda2 = 0.07,
  k1 = 1,
  k2 = k1,
  lambda0 = 26,
  len = 1,
  duration = 1
)

Arguments

Details

Details on using k1 and k2 are the same as for m278hlcha.

Value

Normative heat loss of the open-air laid supplying cylindrical pipe during duration, [kcal]. If len of pipe is 1 m (meter) as well as duration is set to 1 h (hour) (default values) then the return value is also the specific heat loss power, [kcal/m/h] and so comparable with those prescribed by Minenergo Order 325. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

m278hlair()

Description

Calculate normative heat loss through the thermal insulation of the supplying pipe mounted in underground channel as a function of construction, operation, and technical condition specifications according to Appendix 5.1 of Minenergo Method 278.

This type of calculations is usually made on design stage of district heating network (where water is a heat carrier) and is closely related to building codes and regulations.

Usage

m278hlcha(
  t1 = 110,
  t2 = 60,
  t0 = 5,
  insd1 = 0.1,
  insd2 = insd1,
  d1 = 0.25,
  d2 = d1,
  lambda1 = 0.09,
  lambda2 = 0.07,
  k1 = 1,
  k2 = k1,
  lambda0 = 1.74,
  z = 2,
  b = 0.5,
  h = 0.5,
  len = 1,
  duration = 1
)

Arguments

Details

k1 and k2 factor values equal to 1 mean the best technical condition of insulation of appropriate pipes, whereas for poor technical state factor values tends to 5 or more.

Nevertheless, when k1 and k2 both equal to 1 the calculated specific heat loss power [kcal/m/h] is sometimes higher than that listed in Minenergo Order 325. One should consider that situation when choosing method for heat loss calculations.

Value

Normative heat loss of supplying cylindrical pipe mounted in channel during duration, [kcal]. If len of pipe is 1 m (meter) as well as duration is set to 1 h (hour) (default values) then the return value is also the specific heat loss power, [kcal/m/h] and so comparable with those prescribed by Minenergo Order 325. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

m278hlcha()

## Naive way to find out technical state (factors k1 and k2) for pipe
## segments constructed in 1980:
optim(
  par = c(1.5, 1.5),
  fn = function(x) {
  # functional to optimize
    abs(
        m278hlcha(k1 = x[1], k2 = x[2]) -
        m325nhl(
          year = 1980, laying = "channel", d = 250, temperature = 110
        )
    )
  },
  method = "L-BFGS-B",
  lower = 1.01, upper = 4.4
)$par

Description

Calculate normative heat loss through the thermal insulation of the supplying underground pipe as a function of construction, operation, and technical condition specifications according to Appendix 5.1 of Minenergo Method 278.

This type of calculations is usually made on design stage of district heating network (where water is a heat carrier) and is closely related to building codes and regulations.

Usage

m278hlund(
  t1 = 110,
  t2 = 60,
  t0 = 5,
  insd1 = 0.1,
  insd2 = insd1,
  d1 = 0.25,
  d2 = d1,
  lambda1 = 0.09,
  lambda2 = 0.07,
  k1 = 1,
  k2 = k1,
  lambda0 = 1.74,
  z = 2,
  s = 0.55,
  len = 1,
  duration = 1
)

Arguments

Details

Details on using k1 and k2 are the same as for m278hlcha.

Value

Normative heat loss of supplying underground cylindrical pipe during duration, [kcal]. If len of pipe is 1 m (meter) as well as duration is set to 1 h (hour) (default values) then the return value is also the specific heat loss power, [kcal/m/h] and so comparable with those prescribed by Minenergo Order 325. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

m278hlund()

Description

Data represent values of terms (intercept and factor) for calculating thermal conductivity of pipe insulation as a linear function of temperature of heat carrier (water).

Usage

m278insdata

Format

A data frame with 39 rows and 4 variables:

id

Number of insulation material table 5.1 of Appendix 5.3 in Minenergo Method 278. Type: assert_integerish.

material

Designation of insulation material more or less similar to those in table 5.1 of Appendix 5.3 in Minenergo Method 278. Type: assert_character.

lambda

Value for intercept, [mW/m/°C]. Type: assert_integer.

k

Value for factor. Type: assert_integer.

Details

Those values are set for different insulation materials in Appendix 5.3 of Minenergo Method 278 as norms.

Usually the data is not used directly. Instead use function m278inshcm.

Source

https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200035568

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

head(m278insdata)

Description

Get normative values of thermal conductivity of pipe insulation materials affirmed by Minenergo Method 278 as a function of temperature of heat carrier (water).

Usage

m278inshcm(temperature = 110, material = "aerocrete")

Arguments

Value

Thermal conductivity of insulation materials at given set of temperatures, [W/m/°C], [W/m/K]. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Range of thermal conductivity of pipe insulation at 110 °C:

range(m278inshcm(110, m278insdata[["material"]]))

Description

Data represent normative values of thermal conductivity of subsoils which can surround pipes according to Table 5.3 of Appendix 5.3 in Minenergo Method 278.

Usage

m278soildata

Format

A data frame with 15 rows and 3 variables:

subsoil

Geological name of subsoil. Type: assert_character.

state

The degree of water penetration to the subsoil. Type: assert_character.

lambda

Value of thermal conductivity of subsoil regarding water penetration, [W/m/°C]. Type: assert_double.

Source

https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200035568

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

head(m278soildata)

Description

Calculate $\beta$ - local heat loss coefficient according to rule 11.3.3 of Minenergo Order 325. Local heat loss coefficient is used to increase normative heat loss of pipe by taking into account heat loss of fittings (shut-off valves, compensators and supports). This coefficient is applied mostly as a factor during the summation of heat losses of pipes in pipeline leveraging formula 14 of Minenergo Order 325.

Usage

m325beta(laying = "channel", d = 700)

Arguments

Value

Two possible values of $\beta$: 1.2 or 1.15 depending on pipe laying and its diameter. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

norms <- within(m325nhldata, {
  beta <- m325beta(laying, as.double(d))
})
unique(norms$beta)

Description

Calculate normative heat loss of pipe through the thermal insulation that is legally affirmed by Minenergo Order 325.

Usage

m325nhl(
  year = 1986,
  laying = "underground",
  exp5k = TRUE,
  insulation = 0,
  d = 700,
  temperature = 110,
  len = 1,
  duration = 1,
  beta = FALSE,
  extra = 2
)

Arguments

Details

Temperature extrapolation and pipe diameter interpolation are leveraged for better accuracy. Both are linear as it dictated by Minenergo Order 325. Nevertheless, one could control the extrapolation behaviour by extra argument: use lower values of extra for soft curvature near extrapolation edges, and higher values for more physically reasoned behaviour in far regions of extrapolation.

Value

Normative heat loss of cylindrical pipe during duration, [kcal]. If len of pipe is 1 m (meter) as well as duration is set to 1 h (hour) (default values) then the return value is also the specific heat loss power, [kcal/m/h], prescribed by Minenergo Order 325. Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhldata, m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

## Consider a one-meter length pipe with
pipe_diameter <-  700.0  # [mm]
pipe_dating   <- 1980
pipe_laying   <- "underground"


## Linear extrapolation adopted in Minenergo's Order 325 using last two
## points:
operation_temperature <- seq(0, 270, 10)

qs <- m325nhl(
  year = pipe_dating, laying = pipe_laying, d = pipe_diameter,
  temperature = operation_temperature
)  # [kcal/m/h]

plot(
    operation_temperature,
    qs,
    type = "b",
    main = "Minenergo's Order 325. Normative heat loss of pipe",
    sub = sprintf(
      "%s pipe of (outside) diameter %i [mm] laid in %i",
       pipe_laying, pipe_diameter, pipe_dating
    ),
    xlab = "Temperature, [°C]",
    ylab = "Specific heat loss power, [kcal/m/h]"
  )


## Consider heat loss due fittings:
operation_temperature <- 65  # [°C]

m325nhl(
  year = pipe_dating, laying = pipe_laying, d = pipe_diameter,
  temperature = operation_temperature, beta = c(FALSE, TRUE)
)  # [kcal/m/h]

Description

Data represent values of specific heat loss power through the thermal insulation officially accepted by Minenergo Order 325 as norms. Those values are maximums which are legally affirmed to contribute to normative heat loss $Q_{NHL}$ of district heating systems with water as a heat carrier.

Usage

m325nhldata

Format

A data frame with 17328 rows and 8 variables:

source

Identifier of data source: identifiers suited with glob t?p? mean appropriate table ?.? in Minenergo Order 325; identifier sgc means that values are additionally postulated (see Details). Type: assert_character.

epoch

Year depicting the epoch when the pipe is put in operation after laying or total overhaul. Type: assert_integer.

laying

Type of pipe laying depicting the position of pipe in space. Only five types of pipe laying are considered:

• air,

• channel,

• room,

• tunnel,

• underground.

Type: assert_character.

exp5k

Logical indicator for pipe regime: if TRUE pipe is operated more that 5000 hours per year. Type: assert_logical.

insulation

Identifier of insulation that covers the exterior of pipe:

0

no insulation

1

foamed polyurethane or analogue

2

polymer concrete

Type: assert_integerish.

d

Nominal (outside) diameter of pipe, [mm]. Type: assert_double.

temperature

Operational temperature of pipe, [°C]. Type: assert_double.

loss

Normative value of specific heat loss power equal to heat flux output by one-meter length steel pipe during an hour, [kcal/m/h]. Type: assert_double.

Details

Data is organized as a full factorial design, whereas for some factorial combinations Minenergo Order 325 does not provide values. For that cases values are postulated by practical reasons in Siberian cities and marked with source label sgc.

Usually the data is not used directly. Instead use function m325nhl.

Source

https://docs.cntd.ru/document/902148459

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nvl(), m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

head(m325nhldata)

Description

Calculate normative material loss of heat carrier (water) from cylindrical pipe according to rule 10.1.2 of Minenergo Order 325.

Usage

m325nvl(a = 0, d = 720, wth = 12, len = 1)

m325nml(
  temperature = 130,
  pressure = mpa_kgf(6),
  a = 0,
  d = 720,
  wth = 12,
  len = 1
)

Arguments

Details

The calculations are based on the a-factor, which may be treated as the maximum allowed rate of heat carrier (water) volume loss per hour. So, its value varies from 0.0 h⁻¹ (no loss of heat carrier) up to 0.0025 h⁻¹ (maximum possible loss allowed). The cylindrical form of pipe is always assumed in calculations.

Value

For m325nvl

volume loss of heat carrier per hour, [m³/h].

For m325nml

mass loss of heat carrier per hour, [ton/h].

Type: assert_double.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nxdata

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# According to Minenergo-325 it may be granted to loose right up to the next
# value of tons of heat carrier (water) per year (nine-month heating season)
# for the typical supplying 100-meter length pipe:
m325nml(a = 0.0025, len = 100) * 24 * 90

Description

Data describes a virtual test bench of branched district heating network by exposing parameters associated with Minenergo Order 325. They treat data as a snapshot of network state and use it primarily for static thermal-hydraulic computations and topology effects.

Usage

m325nxdata

Format

A data frame with 26 rows (number of nodes and incoming edges) and 17 variables:

sender

An identifier of node which heat carrier flows out. Type: any type that can be painlessly coerced to character by as.character.

acceptor

An identifier of node which heat carrier flows in. According to topology of test bench considered this identifier should be unique for every row. Type: any type that can be painlessly coerced to character by as.character.

temperature

Snapshot of thermal-hydraulic regime state: temperature of heat carrier (water) sensor-measured on terminal acceptor node, [°C]. Type: assert_double. NAs are introduced for nodes without temperature sensor.

pressure

Snapshot of thermal-hydraulic regime state: sensor-measured absolute pressure of heat carrier (water) inside the pipe (i.e. acceptor's incoming edge), [MPa]. Type: assert_double. NAs are introduced for nodes without pressure sensor.

flow_rate

Snapshot of thermal-hydraulic regime state: sensor-measured amount of heat carrier (water) on terminal node that is transferred by pipe (i.e. acceptor's incoming edge) during a period, [ton/h]. Type: assert_double. NAs are introduced for nodes without flow rate sensor.

a

Heat carrier (water) volume loss factor of cylindrical pipe, [h⁻¹]. Type: assert_double.

d

nominal (outside) diameter of pipe (i.e.diameter of acceptor's incoming edge), [mm]. Type: assert_double.

wth

nominal wall thickness of pipe, [mm]. Type: assert_double.

len

pipe length (i.e. length of acceptor's incoming edge), [m]. Type: assert_double.

year

year when the pipe (i.e. acceptor's incoming edge) is put in operation after laying or total overhaul. Type: assert_integerish.

insulation

identifier of insulation that covers the exterior of pipe (i.e. acceptor's incoming edge):

0

no insulation

1

foamed polyurethane or analogue

2

polymer concrete

Type: assert_integerish.

laying

type of pipe laying depicting the position of pipe in space. Only five types of pipe laying are considered:

• air,

• channel,

• room,

• tunnel,

• underground.

Type: assert_character.

beta

logical indicator: should they consider additional heat loss of fittings located on this pipe (i.e. acceptor's incoming edge)? Type: assert_logical.

exp5k

logical indicator for regime of pipe (i.e. acceptor's incoming edge): if TRUE pipe is operated more that 5000 hours per year. Type: assert_logical.

roughness

roughness of internal wall of pipe (i.e. acceptor's incoming edge), [m]. Type: assert_double.

inlet

elevation of pipe inlet, [m]. Type: assert_double.

outlet

elevation of pipe outlet, [m]. Type: assert_double.

Details

The test bench has the next configuration:

As it may be seen from the figure there is a particularity in topology of the provided directed graph: each node has only single ancestor. Hence one of isomorphic representation of such directed graph is a data.frame in which each row describes a node along with its incoming edge and each column contains an attribute value for that node or an attribute value for its incoming edge.

Since they deal with incoming edges and hence nodes are all flow acceptors the natural enumeration of nodes is by acceptor id.

Note that to leverage igraph functionality for plotting there is a zero sender of flow.

See Also

Other Minenergo: m278hlair(), m278hlcha(), m278hlund(), m278insdata, m278inshcm(), m278soildata, m325beta(), m325nhl(), m325nhldata, m325nvl()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

# Do not hesitate to use `data.table` and `igraph` for larger chunks of
# network.

# Check for declared topology isomorphism:
stopifnot(
  all(!duplicated(m325nxdata$acceptor))
)

# Do all terminal nodes have sensor-measured regime parameters?:
terminal_nodes <- subset(m325nxdata, !(acceptor %in% sender))
stopifnot(
  all(
    !is.na(
      subset(terminal_nodes, select = c(temperature, pressure, flow_rate))
    )
  )
)

Description

Trace values of thermal-hydraulic regime (temperature, pressure, flow rate, and other) in the bunched pipeline against the flow direction using norms of heat loss values prescribed by Minenergo Order 325.

Algorithm also suits for partially measurable district heating network with massive data lack conditions, when there are no temperature and pressure sensor readings on the majority of terminal nodes.

Usage

m325tracebw(
  sender = 6,
  acceptor = 7,
  temperature = 70,
  pressure = pipenostics::mpa_kgf(6),
  flow_rate = 20,
  a = 0,
  d = 100,
  wth = 6.5,
  len = 72.446,
  year = 1986,
  insulation = 0,
  laying = "tunnel",
  beta = FALSE,
  exp5k = TRUE,
  roughness = 0.001,
  inlet = 0.5,
  outlet = 1,
  method = "romeo",
  opinion = "median",
  strict_sizes = FALSE,
  verbose = TRUE,
  csv = FALSE,
  file = "m325tracebw.csv"
)

Arguments

Details

They consider the topology of district heating network represented by m325nxdata:

The network may be partially sensor-equipped too:

In latter case no more than two nodes must be equipped with pressure and temperature sensors whereas for other nodes only flow rate sensors must be installed.

Tracing starts from sensor-equipped nodes and goes backwards, i.e against the flow direction.

Though some input arguments are natively vectorized their individual values all relate to common part of district heating network, i.e. associated with common object. It is due to isomorphism between vector representation and directed graph of this network. For more details of isomorphic topology description see m325nxdata.

Before tracing starts for the next node, previously calculated values of thermal-hydraulic parameters are aggregated by either averaging or by median. The latter seems more robust for avoiding strong influence of possible outliers which may come from actual heating transfer anomalies, erroneous sensor readings or wrong pipeline specifications.

Aggregation for values of flow rate at the node is always sum.

Optional verification of pipe diameters and wall thicknesses is performed against b36pipedata data.

Value

A data.frame containing results (detailed log) of tracing in narrow format:

node

Tracing job. Identifier of the node which regime parameters is calculated for. Values in this vector are identical to those in argument acceptor. Type: assert_character.

tracing

Tracing job. Identifiers of nodes from which regime parameters are traced for the given node. Identifier sensor is used when values of regime parameters for the node are sensor readings. Type: assert_character.

backward

Tracing job. Identifier of tracing direction. It constantly equals to TRUE. Type: assert_logical.

aggregation

Tracing job. Identifier of aggregation method: span, median, mean, or identity. Type: assert_character.

loss

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Normative specific heat loss power of adjacent pipe, [kcal/m/h]. Type: assert_double.

flux

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Normative heat flux of adjacent pipe, [W/m²]. Type: assert_double.

Q

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Normative heat loss of adjacent pipe per day, [kcal]. Type: assert_character.

temperature

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Traced temperature of heat carrier (water) that is associated with the node, [°C]. Type: assert_double.

pressure

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Traced pressure of heat carrier (water) that is associated with the node, [MPa]. Type: assert_double.

flow_rate

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Traced flow rate of heat carrier (water) that is associated with the node, [ton/h]. Type: assert_double.

job

Tracing job. Value of tracing job counter. Type: assert_count.

Type: assert_data_frame.

See Also

Other Regime tracing: dropg(), dropp(), dropt(), m325tracefw(), m325traceline(), tracebw(), tracefw(), traceline()

Examples

library(pipenostics)

## It is possible to run without specification of argument values:
m325tracebw()

## Consider isomorphic representation of District Heating Network graph:
DHN <- m325nxdata

## Distinct options for opinion aggregation lead to distinct traced
## temperature and pressure:

## * When aggregation is by mean:
output_mean <- do.call(
  "m325tracebw", c(as.list(DHN), verbose = FALSE, opinion = "mean")
)

## * When aggregation is by median:
output_median <- do.call(
  "m325tracebw", c(as.list(DHN), verbose = FALSE, opinion = "median")
)

## It is possible to process partially measurable District Heating Network:

## * Simulate lack of temperature and pressure sensors:
DHN[c(7, 10, 21, 24), c("temperature", "pressure")] <- NA_real_

## * Trace thermal-hydraulic regime:
do.call("m325tracebw", c(as.list(DHN), verbose = FALSE))

Description

Trace values of thermal-hydraulic regime (temperature, pressure, flow rate, and other) in the bunched pipeline along the flow direction using norms of heat loss values prescribed by Minenergo Order 325.

Usage

m325tracefw(
  sender = c(0, 1),
  acceptor = c(1, 2),
  temperature = c(70, NA_real_),
  pressure = c(pipenostics::mpa_kgf(6), NA_real_),
  flow_rate = c(20, NA_real_),
  a = c(0, 0),
  d = c(100, 100),
  wth = c(12, 12),
  len = c(72.446, 72.446),
  year = c(1986, 1986),
  insulation = c(0, 0),
  laying = c("tunnel", "tunnel"),
  beta = c(FALSE, FALSE),
  exp5k = c(TRUE, TRUE),
  roughness = c(0.001, 0.001),
  inlet = c(0.5, 1),
  outlet = c(1, 1),
  elev_tol = 0.1,
  method = "romeo",
  strict_sizes = FALSE,
  verbose = TRUE,
  csv = FALSE,
  file = "m325tracefw.csv",
  use_cluster = FALSE
)

Arguments

Details

The calculated (values of) regime may be considered as representation of district heating process in conditions of hypothetically perfect technical state of pipe walls and insulation.

They consider the topology of district heating network represented by m325nxdata:

Tracing starts from sensor-equipped root node and goes forward, i.e along the flow direction. Function m325traceline serves under the hood for tracing identified linear segments from root node to every terminal node. Hence they only need root node to be equipped with sensors. Sensors at other nodes are redundant in forward tracing, since the tracing algorithm by no means consider them for tracing.

Moreover in the forward tracing algorithm they assume the flow of heat carrier is distributed proportionally to the cross-sectional area of the outgoing pipeline. Actually, a lot of reasons may cause significant deviations from this assumption. As a result, the sequence of paired backward/forward tracing may be divergent for regime parameters.

Though some input arguments are natively vectorized their individual values all relate to common part of district heating network, i.e. associated with common object. It is due to isomorphism between vector representation and directed graph of this network. For more details of isomorphic topology description see m325nxdata.

They are welcome to couple the algorithm with functionality of data.table.

Optional verification of pipe diameters and wall thicknesses is performed against b36pipedata data.

Value

A data.frame containing results (detailed log) of tracing in narrow format:

node

Tracing job. Identifier of the node which regime parameters is calculated for. Values in this vector are identical to those in argument acceptor. Type: assert_character.

tracing

Tracing job. Identifiers of nodes from which regime parameters are traced for the given node. Identifier sensor is used when values of regime parameters for the node are sensor readings. Type: assert_character.

backward

Tracing job. Identifier of tracing direction. It constantly equals to FALSE. Type: assert_logical.

aggregation

Tracing job. Identifier of the aggregation method associated with traced values. For forward tracing the only option is identity. Type: assert_character.

loss

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Normative specific heat loss power of adjacent pipe, [kcal/m/h]. Type: assert_double.

flux

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Normative heat flux of adjacent pipe, [W/m²]. Type: assert_double.

Q

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Normative heat loss of adjacent pipe per day, [kcal]. Type: assert_character.

temperature

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Traced temperature of heat carrier (water) that is associated with the node, [°C]. Type: assert_double.

pressure

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Traced pressure of heat carrier (water) that is associated with the node, [MPa]. Type: assert_double.

flow_rate

Traced thermal hydraulic regime. Traced flow rate of heat carrier (water) that is associated with the node, [ton/h]. Type: assert_double.

job

Tracing job. Value of tracing job counter. For forward tracing value of job counts the number of traced paths from root node. Type: assert_count.

Type: assert_data_frame.